Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), often referred to by the brand name, Depo Provera, or “the depo shot,” is birth control that is administered as an injection every three months to prevent pregnancy. The most common form is an intramuscular injection, which usually involves going to a health care provider — like a doctor, nurse, or pharmacist — to receive it. While coming to the clinic to receive birth control is typically acceptable for some patients, accessing birth control in an in-clinic setting during the COVID-19 pandemic can put patients and health care workers at risk of exposure to the virus unnecessarily. There is, however, a self-administered version of the depo shot called DMPA-SC (SC means subcutaneous, or under the skin), in which clinicians send a prescription to patients’ local pharmacies every three months where they can administer the shot at home. DMPA-SC helps address the barriers and risks of accessing contraception every three months through an in-clinic visit. Unfortunately, not all insurance companies cover DMPA-SC, some pharmacies do not carry it, and some pharmacists will not dispense it without an additional note for clinician-supervision. Despite ample evidence in the US and globally that self-administration is just as safe and efficacious as clinic-administered, the FDA label as clinic-only administration most likely contributes to these obstacles to access. These barriers are unacceptable, especially during a pandemic when improved access to DMPA-SC not only can provide people with the continuous contraception care they need and desire, but also limit the risks of COVID-19 spread. 

Members of the Reproductive Health Access Network are taking a stand against these access barriers and are organizing in their states, like California and New York, to pressure policymakers to guarantee coverage of DMPA-SC during COVID-19, and beyond. For example, in March as COVID-19 cases in the US began to grow, Dr. Jennifer Karlin, a family physician and family planning fellow at the University of California San Francisco, contacted Medi-Cal (the public health insurance provider in California) to advocate for coverage of self-administered DMPA-SC. The Chief Policy Officer (CPO) for the Pharmacy Policy Division within Medi-Cal reached out to Dr. Karlin and requested an informal literature review on the safety and efficacy of self-administration. This advocacy and literature review provided evidence for Medi-Cal to pass a temporary policy on April 8, 2020 to pay for pharmacy-dispensed DMPA-SC without requiring prior approval. Dr. Karlin explained: 

“By aligning the State of California’s goals of social distancing and maintaining access to the drug benefit with the goals of expanding access to contraceptives based on patient preference, we were actually able to facilitate reproductive autonomy in the State of California during a health care emergency.”

But Dr. Karlin is not done. As Medi-Cal passed a temporary policy, she and the CPO hope to analyze Medi-Cal claims data about usage, continuation, and outcomes during this coverage expansion, as well as interview patients regarding their interest and experiences switching from the clinic-administered intramuscular injection to self-administered DMPA-SC. Such data may support continued state-based and national advocacy efforts for expanding coverage of DMPA-SC after the pandemic. 

To support ongoing advocacy, RHAP has been working to understand the national scope of DMPA-SC insurance coverage and pharmacy availability. By exploring various insurance plan formularies online, we found differences in coverage across companies. But, if a company covers DMPA-SC in one state, they likely cover it in all states. Some plans require co-pays and/or prior authorization, but others cover it fully under the Affordable Care Act. Some did not cover DMPA-SC at all. Additionally, RHAP volunteers have been calling a random selection of franchise and community pharmacies in various states to investigate the availability of DMPA-SC and pharmacists’ awareness of this contraceptive method. Among 76 pharmacies called in states like New York, New Jersey, California, Illinois, Alabama, Connecticut, Indiana, Louisiana, and Iowa, we found that most pharmacists were unfamiliar with DMPA-SC. 60% of pharmacies called would dispense DMPA-SC, but it would take 24-48 hours to fill as they would have to order the medication. However, a few stated they would only fill the prescription if a doctor called to confirm that the patient can self-administer. Nearly all pharmacies called in Alabama and Iowa would not dispense DMPA-SC. 

The fight to increase access to DMPA-SC during and after the pandemic continues. While advocating for temporary coverage in individual states may be a faster solution, to truly strengthen access during and after the pandemic, national-level advocacy is required. This includes a plan to change the DMPA-SC label to include self-administration. If you are a clinician and would like to share stories regarding patients who have wanted to switch to DMPA-SC from the intramuscular version, and whether they have been able to do so, please contact RHAP’s Research and Evaluation Manager at silpa@reproductiveaccess.org. To learn more about DMPA-SC as a method of contraception, check out RHAP’s resources and Innovating Education’s video “This is How I Teach: Self-Injection DMPA-SC” (narrated by Dr. Karlin).